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神经母细胞瘤N

时间 : 2009-11-26 23:33:37 来源:www.paowen.com

[摘要]

摘要:本文观察在神经母细胞瘤中N-myc基因、肿瘤血管形成的作用,探讨神经母细胞瘤抗血管形成治疗的可 ...

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摘要:本文观察在神经母细胞瘤中N-myc基因、肿瘤血管形成的作用,探讨神经母细胞瘤抗血管形成治疗的可行性和可能的机理。第一部分神经母细胞瘤N-myc基因的原位杂交检测与临床意义为观察N-myc基因在神经母细胞瘤中的表达及定位情况,探讨化疗对其表达的影响而行本实验。取17例神经母细胞瘤标本,男9例,女8例,年龄16月~12岁。临床分期为Ⅱ期2例,Ⅲ期8例,Ⅳ期7例,其中6例术前接受化疗,术前平均化疗时间为3.942.11月。采用N-myc基因探针,长度为2143bp,经克隆标记成DNA探针,对上述切片进行核酸原位杂交。应用MIAS-300图象分析系统对切片进行灰度扫描,计算每个视野细胞的平均光密度值。结果:17例神经母细胞瘤标本中N-myc基因原位杂交检测阳性者11例(64.7%)。N-myc基因定位于神经母细胞瘤细胞核内,而肿瘤间质细胞均无该基因表达。图象分析结果提示11例阳性标本平均光密度值为9.86710.25,而6例阴性者为2.1372.86,两组统计有显著性差异(p<0.05)。分析不同临床分期、VMA测定值、化疗与N-myc基因检测结果和平均光密度值的相关关系结果提示临床分期对N-myc基因的表达无明显影响,而化疗对N-myc基因表达的影响作用明显,其中6例未化疗组平均光密度值为7.514.56,而化疗组为3.773.13,有显著统计意义(p<0.05),而MYCN检测阳性与阴性病例与术前VMA测定值也有显著差异。结论:N-myc基因扩增与肿瘤的迅速生长和不良预后有密切的关系,检测N-myc基因扩增情况,可用来判定预后并可评价治疗方案。阳性率与VMA值有相关性,说明该基因的表达同VMA一样,可反映神经母细胞瘤的疾病进程。我们未能明确临床分期与该基因的关系,考虑与样本量少以及化疗的影响因素有关。原位杂交技术的最重要的优点在于其可定位的特点,而优于PCR技术,结合图象分析技术,还可定量分析,从而可了解该基因在肿瘤细胞中的内部活动情况。本组N-myc基因定位于肿瘤细胞之细胞核,说明该基因是肿瘤细胞本身的基因扩增的结果,而不是来源于周围间质,反映了肿瘤细胞的内部活动。化疗后N-myc基因扩增明显降低,说明化疗抑制了肿瘤细胞的增殖活动,使N-myc等胚胎性基因扩增受到了明显抑制,结合其临床血清VMA值的减低,表明肿瘤细胞的恶性行为受到抑制。第二部分神经母细胞瘤血管形成的组织病理观察及VEGF、flt-1的表达研究神经母细胞瘤中血管形成情况和内皮细胞生长因子/内皮细胞生长因子受体(VEGF/flt-1)表达情况,探讨血管和VEGF在神经母细胞瘤中的作用而进行本实验。取我院小儿外科实体肿瘤手术切除标本47例,男28例,女19例,平均年龄3.7±2.62岁。分成神经母细胞瘤组16例,临床分期I期2例,II期7例,III期6例,IVs期1例;Shimada分类:UH6例,FH7例。其中7例接受术前化疗。其它恶性肿瘤组:肾母细胞瘤14例,肝母细胞瘤2例,恶性畸胎瘤、淋巴瘤、纤维肉瘤、肾透明细胞癌各1例。良性肿瘤组:血管瘤3例,纤维瘤、嗜铬细胞瘤各1例。采用第VIII因子相关抗原(VWF)鼠抗人单抗、VEGF鼠抗人单抗、flt-1兔抗人多抗进行免疫组化检测(Envision二步法)。结果用图象分析仪计算每张切片的阳性面积与阴性面积比(P/N)。结果:第8因子相关抗原(VWF):所有肿瘤中血管均被染色,其P/N代表了血管密度。其它恶性肿瘤组的血管密度明显高于良性肿瘤组,神经母细胞瘤组相对于肾母细胞为主的恶性肿瘤组较低。化疗后肿瘤血管密度有所下降。VEGF:阳性率81.25%,染色位于神经母细胞瘤细胞胞浆中,间质中未见染色。其在肿瘤中的分布与肿瘤细胞的分布一致。并与临床分期、肿瘤类型有关。化疗对其有明显抑制作用。flt-1:阳性率68.96%,染色主要位于肿瘤血管内皮中,部分肿瘤切片的肿瘤细胞的胞浆也有染色,约占神经母细胞瘤的35.7%,临床分期和化疗对其有影响作用。术前化疗对神经母细胞瘤的血管形成活性有明显抑制作用。由于样本量少,临床分期与血管形成的关系未能行统计学检验,但仍可看出两者有一定关系,晚期肿瘤血管形成常较旺盛。Shimada分类与血管形成的关系无统计学意义。结论:本组其它恶性肿瘤和神经母细胞瘤组血管密度显著高于良性对照组,并与临床分期有一定关系,而化疗后血管密度的下降提示了化疗对肿瘤生长活性的抑制以及早期化疗可能预防肿瘤的转移。神经母细胞瘤中有较强的VEGF表达,其血管密度显著高于良性肿瘤组,证实了其血管依赖性。VEGF表达位于肿瘤细胞胞浆内,而flt-1主要位于内皮细胞中,证实VEGF是通过旁分泌机制作用于内皮细胞,而引起血管生长的。神经母细胞瘤中flt-1随VEGF增高而呈现上调,化疗后受到明显抑制。flt-1在恶性肿瘤组织中的高表达,提示肿瘤组织中的内皮细胞具有较高的增殖活性,并处于相对幼稚的状态。化疗后肿瘤VEGF表达下降、血管密度的减低,进一步说明了术前化疗对于控制原发肿瘤和肿瘤转移的积极意义。第三部分神经母细胞瘤血管形成兔角膜模型建立与血管形成抑制实验建立兔眼角膜神经母细胞瘤种植模型,观察肿瘤血管形成过程和肿瘤生长情况,了解血管形成对神经母细胞瘤的意义,用TNP-470干扰肿瘤血管形成,探讨通过抗血管形成治疗肿瘤的新途径。人体神经母细胞瘤标本来源于一右上纵隔神经母细胞瘤患儿。实验动物为新西兰白兔,4周龄,体重1.5~2Kg,雌雄不分。TNP-470溶解于载体溶液中。种植技术参照Forkman等的方法。15只兔分成二组:肿瘤组9只,对照组6只。手术后第三天起每3天观察肿瘤生长情况及血管密度计数并照相。于第9天起,对神经母细胞瘤组再次随机分成三组,TNP-470组2只注射TNP-47010mg/kg皮下,连续10天,CTX组2只每天注射CTX150mg/m2腹腔,连续10天,对照组3只不进行干预,保持其肿瘤继续生长,肿瘤种植后第13天起,继续按前述方法观察血管形成和肿瘤生长情况。组织学观察:第21天处死动物后取角膜,制成石蜡切片进行HE染色、VEGF和VWF免疫组化检测。用图象分析系统分析VEGF的表达情况。结果:肿瘤血管形成观察:血管生长:手术当天,兔眼结膜因手术反应出现充血,2天后有血管向肿瘤方向出芽生长,1周时达高峰并达到肿瘤,形成血管丛,以后逐渐包围肿瘤,约12天后趋向稳定,15天后有逐渐减退的现象。对照组除结膜出现血管反应外,无血管向角膜内生长。肿瘤生长:明显分成两个期,即血管前期和血管期。在血管前期中,肿瘤生长缓慢,不能测量出变化,至第6天后血管到达肿瘤后进入血管期,肿瘤开始明显生长,至18天后才趋向平稳。TNP-470、CTX药物干预观察:血管形成:用药后很快现出疗效,第12天起生长曲线明显被压低,两药之间无明显差异。15天后消退更为明显。肿瘤生长:用药后一周方出现疗效,表现为肿瘤生长的停滞。两药之间无明显差别。病理组织学和VEGF、VWF免疫组化观察:对照组:肾组织种植部位为大片伊红色玻璃样变区,无组织增生现象,说明此处植入肾组织得不到血液供应而坏死。VEGF表达阴性。神经母细胞瘤种植组:有大量肿瘤细胞增生并呈现外生性生长。肿瘤周围有大量毛细血管增生;VEGF免疫组化呈现强阳性,图象分析值为31.27±5.81,VWF阴性。TNP-470组:有肿瘤细胞的增生,中央部分坏死,肿瘤血管明显减低;VEGF免疫为阳性,图象分析P/N值为25.17±7.61,与神经母细胞瘤组无明显差异。VWF阴性。CTX组:有肿瘤细胞的增生,周围血管量减少。VEGF免疫组化P/N为16.76±4.38,与TNP-470组相比有统计学意义。计数各组治疗后血管密度变化,显示TNP-470和CTX均对肿瘤血管形成有明显抑制(p<0.05)。结论:神经母细胞瘤具有较强的致血管形成性和血管依赖性。其生长分两个时期,在血管前期,神经母细胞瘤在角膜基质中几乎不生长,而是诱导角膜血管形成向其生长;进入血管期后则迅速生长,至后期,由于兔角膜血管仍然是有限的,其生长再次停滞。VWF单抗免疫组化学阴性表明,神经母细胞瘤本身并不生成血管,而是分泌VEGF等强烈的促血管生长的因子,刺激宿主血管向其生长。化疗对血管的作用可能也包含两个方面即抑制肿瘤细胞的VEGF,间接抑制血管,同时可能直接抑制血管内皮的增殖。TNP-470是抑制血管形成的有效制剂,而肿瘤细胞的VEGF表达基本没有变化,说明其机制为直接作用于内皮细胞,而对肿瘤细胞没有明显抑制作用。本实验未发现兔肝肾肺有异常变化。结论1.应用原位杂交技术检测神经母细胞瘤N-myc基因,证实基因定位与肿瘤细胞内,基因扩增与肿瘤分化有关,可作为评价该肿瘤的预后的重要指标。2.术前化疗后神经母细胞瘤N-myc基因扩增明显下降,结合临床VMA降低,提示术前化疗对降低肿瘤生物活性有积极意义。3.神经母细胞瘤血管形成活跃,血管密度高,免疫组化证实VEGF/flt-1系统对于神经母细胞瘤的血管形成有重要作用,,不同的分期和预后的VEGF表达有显著差异。4.化疗可抑制VEGF的高表达,并抑制肿瘤血管形成,减低肿瘤内血管密度。5.兔角膜神经母细胞瘤种植模型的研究证实,神经母细胞瘤有较高的血管依赖性;肿瘤血管形成是在肿瘤的作用下,来源于宿主血管。6.TNP-470和CTX对抑制肿瘤血管形成、限制肿瘤的生长,有明显的作用.关键词:神经母细胞瘤N-myc基因原位杂交血管形成内皮细胞生长因子内皮细胞生长因子受体第8因子相关抗原免疫组织化学兔角膜TNP-470环磷酰胺

ABSTRACT:WeobservetheangiogenesisandexpressionofN-mycgeneofneuroblastoma,tofindoutthefeasibilityoftheantiangiogenictherapytotheneuroblastomaanditspossiblemechanism.SectiononeThein-situhybridizationofN-mycgeneinneuroblastomaWeobservetheN-mycgeneexpressionanditslocationin17casesofneuroblastoma,andfindouttheaffectionofchemotherapy.Thereare9maleand8femalechildrenagefrom16mothto12yearsold.Clinicstage:II2cases,III8cases,andIV7cases.Sixofthemreceivedpreoperationchemotherapy,theaverageperiodoftreatmentwas3.94±2.11moth.TheN-mycgeneprobewas2143bplong,colnedandmarkedasandigoxinDNAprobe.UsingMIAS-300imageanalysissystemtoscanthegrayscaleofeveryfieldofvision,andfigureouttheaverageopticaldensityvalueofeveryslide.Result:Elevenof17casesofneuroblastomaarepositivetotheN-mycin-situhybridization(64.7%).ThelocationofN-mycgeneisinsidethetumorcellnucleusbutnotintheconnectivetissue.Theimageanalysisshowsthattheaverageopticaldensityvalueof11positivecasesis9.867±10.25,butthatof6negativeisonly2.137±2.86,thedifferenceisremarkable(p<0.05).TheclinicstagehasnoeffectontheN-mycgeneexpression,butthechemotherapyhas.Theaverageopticaldensityvalueof6nonechemotherapycasesis7.51±4.56,andthatofchemotherapygroupis3.77±3.13,alsohasaremarkabledifference.Conclusion:TheamplificationofN-mycgeneinneuroblastomaisconcernedwiththerapidgrowthandthepoorprognosis.ItwassaidthatdetectingtheamplificationofN-myccouldestimatetheprognosisanddecidetheprogramoftreatment.Wedidn’tfindouttherelationshipbetweenclinicalstagandthegene,incaseoflowsamplenumberandchemotherapyeffecting.Theadvantageofin-situhybridizationislocalizableandquantitative.Inourstudy,N-mycgeneislocatedinsidethetumorcellnucleus,showingtheactivityinsidethetumorcell,andthedifferentiationislow.N-mycgeneamplificationisdecreasedafterchemotherapy,andtheamplificationoftumorcellisalsoinhibited,thenthemalbehavierofneuroblastomaisinhibited.SectiontwoThepathologicobservationofangiogenesisinneuroblastomaandVEGF,flt-1expressionTodiscusstheaffectionofangiogenesisandVEGF/flt-1inneuroblastoma,47casesofsolidtumorinchildhoodwerestudied.Therewere28maleand19female,averageageis3.7±2.62years.Theyweredividedintothreegroups:neuroblastomagroup,16cases,clinicstagI2cases,II7cases,III6,andIVs1,noIVstage;malignanttumorgroup:Wilmstumor14cases,hepatoblastoma2cases,andmalignantteratoma,lyphoma,fibrosarcoma,kidneycarcinoma1casesrespectively;benigntumorgroup:hemangioma3cases,fibromaandpheochromocytoma1caserespectively.ThemouseantihumanmonoantibodyofVWFandVEGFandtherabbitantihumanmutiantibodyofflt-1wereusedtoimmunohistochemisty(Envisionsystem).TheresultswereanalysisedbytheimageanalysissystemtofigureouttheratioofthepositiveareaVsnegativeareaofeveryslide.Result:VWF:everyvesselinthetumorwasstained,theratioofP/Nstandforthevesseldensity.Thevesseldensityofthemalignanttumorgroupissignificantlyhigherthanthatofbenigntumorgroup,andwasdecreasedafterchemotherapy.VEGF:thepositiverateis81.25%.Thestainislocatedinthecytoplasmoftheneuroblastomacell,anditsdistributionisinaccordwiththetumorcell.Theclinicstage,tumorclassificationandchemotherapyhaveeffectonit.Flt-1:theratioofpositiveis68.96%.Thestainismainlylocatedintheendotheliumoftumorvessel,inabout35.7%neuroblastomathetumorcellcytoplasmisalsostained.Thepreoperationchemotherapycansignificantlyinhibittheangiogenesisintheneuroblastoma.Inspiteofthelowsamplenumber,clinicstagehassomethingtothetumorangiogenesis.ThereisnosignificantdifferenceinShimadaclassification.Conclusion:Inourstudy,thevesseldensityofmalignanttumorandneuroblastomaaresignificantlyhigherthanthatofbenigntumor,andisdecreasedafterchemotherapy,showchemotherapycaninhibitthebiologicalactivityoftumorandpreventtheearlymetastasis.ThehighexpressionofVEGFandhighdensityofvesselinneuroblastoma,verifieditsvesseldependence.TheVEGFexpressionislocatedinsidetumorcellcytoplasmaswellastheflt-1isinsidetheendotheliumcell,showapara-secreterolemechanism.FollowingthehighexpressionofVEGF,theflt-1expressionisarise,thatpointouttheendotheliuminthetumorhasahighandvesseldensityafterchemotherapy,indicatethepreoperationchemotherapycancontroltheprimarytumoranditsmetastasis.SectionThreeAnanimalmodeloftheneuroblastomaangiogenesisontherabbitcorneaandtheinhibitiontestofangiogenesisBysettingupananimalmodelofimplantingtheneuroblastomaintotherabbitcornea,theprocessoftheangiogenesisandthegrowthofthetumorwereobserved.Inordertoknowtheroleoftheangiogenesistotheneuroblastoma,TNP-470wasusedtoinhibittheneovascularazationinthetumor,andtheantiangiognictherapyofneuroblastomawasdiscussed.Thespecimenofhumanneuroblastomawasfromachildwhohadhadtheneuroblastomaatrightsuperiormediastinum.TheanimalisNewZlandalbinalrabbit,4weeksold,weight1.5-2kg,maleorfemale.TNP-470isresolvedinthevehiclesolution.TheimplantingtechniquewasfollowedthemethodfromFolkman.Fifteenrabbitdividedintotwogroups:nineinthetumorgroupandsixinthecontrolgroup.Aftertheoperation,thegrowthoftumorandthedensityofvesselwereobservedeverythree-day,photoweretakeatthesametime.Ontheninthday,dividingtheneuroblastomaintothreegroups:2inTNP-470group,injectTNP-47010mg/kgHiqdtendaysconsecutively;2ingroupCTX,injectCTX150mg/m2IAqdtendaysconsecutively;3incontrolgroupanddonothingwiththerabbit.Thengoontheobservation.Ontheday21st,inordertodothehitologicalobservation,alloftheanimalweresacrificedandthecorneaweretakenoff.Thentheparaffin-embeddedspecimensweremade,andHEstain,VEGFandVWFimmunohistochemistrytoanalysistheangiogenesisinthemodel.Result:Thegrowthofthevesselonthedayofoperationtheconjunctivaoftumorgroup’srabbitappearedtocongestionbecauseofthereactionoftheoperation,.Twodayslatersomevesselgrowthtothetumor,oneweeklateritreachtothetopandwasnearthetumor,thevascularplexuswasformed,thesurroundingthetumorgradually,onday12thappeartostableandthenhaveappearedtoabategraduallysinceday15th.Thecontrolgroupshownosignexceptthevascularreactionoftheconjunctiva.Thegrowthoftumorisdivideintotwostage,thepreangiogenesisstageandangiogenesisstage.Inthepreangiogenesisstage,thegrowthofthetumorwasslowandcan’tbedetected.Untilonday6thatwasintheangiogenesisstage,itbecamegrowthobviouslythenwentintostableonday18th.TheinterferenceeffectofTNP-470andCTXtoangiogenesis:Ithadthegoodeffectsoonafterinjectingthedrug,onday21stthegrowthcurveofthetumorwaspresseddownobviously,there’snodifferencebetweentwodrug.Onday15thitbecamemoreobviousinreduction.Thegrowthoftumor:itwasn’ttakeeffectuntilusingthedrugoneweeklater,thetumorappearedtostopgrowth,andthere’salsonodifferencebetweentwodrug.Theobservationinpathologyandimmunohistochemistryshowedthatincontrolgroupeosinhyalinedegenerationintheregionwherenephro-tissueimplantedindicatedthenephro-tissuehadbeennecrosisbecauseofnobloodsupply.Theneuroblastomagrouphadgreatproliferationofthetumorcellandgrewextently.There’sgreatnumberofcapillaryproliferatingsurroundingthetumor.TheexpressionofVEGFinimmunohistochemistrywasstronglypositive,thevalueofimageanalysiswas31.27±5.81,whiletheexpressionofVWFwasnegative.ThegroupTNP-470:Therewastheproliferationofthetumorcellanditscenterhadnecrosis,thetumorvesselwasdecreaseobviously,theVEGFexpressionwaspositive,theP/Nvaluebyimageanalysissystemwas25.17±7.61,ithadnodifferencewiththeneuroblastomagroup.ThestainofVWFwasnegative.GroupCTX:Ithadtheproliferateofthetumorcellandthereductionoftheperipheralvessel.TheVEGFP/Nvaluewas16.76±4.38,ithasthesignificantdifferencewiththegroupTNP-470.ThechangingofthevesseldensityinabovegroupsshowTNP-470andCTXcanobviouslyinhibitthetumorangiogenesis(p<0.05).Conclusion:Neuroblastomahadastrongabilityofangiogenesisandisdependentonit.Thegrowthproceedofneuroblastomacanbedividedintotwostages.Inthepreangiogenesisperiodthetumorgrewhardlyinthecorner,howeveritinducedthevesselgrowfromconjunctivatoit;whenintheangiogenesisperiod,thetumorcellgrewrapidly,butatlastitstoppedthegrowthbecauseofthelimitationofthevesselincorner.TheresultthattheexpressionofVWF(mouseantihumanmonoantibody)wasnegativeshowedthattheneuroblastomadidn’tformedvesselitself,butitsecretethegrowthfactorsuchasVEGFtostimulatethehost’svesselmovetoit.Theroleofchemotherapytothevesselalsoincludetwoaspect,oneisthatitinhibitsthetumorcell’ssecretionofVEGFtoinhibittheangiogenesis,theotheristhatitmayinhibittheproliferationoftheendotheliumdirectly.TNP-470isoneefficientagenttoinhabittheangiogenesis,buttheVEGFexpressionoftumorcellhadnochange,itmaysuggestthattheinhibitionmechanismofTNP-470liedonthedirectroletotheendotheliumbutnotthetumorcell.Inourstudynoabnormalchangeoftheliver,kidneyandlungwasfoundintherabbit.Keyword:neuroblastoma/N-mycgene/insituhybridization/angiogenesis/VEGF/flt-1/VWF/immunohistochemistry/rabbitcornea/TNP-470/CTX前言神经母细胞瘤(neuroblastoma)是小儿常见恶性实体肿瘤,恶性程度高,预后差,目前虽经各种综合治疗方案,5年生存率也仅40%左右。影响其预后的因素众多,而治疗方法仍以手术和化疗为主,疗效差,副反应多(1)。本文就神经母细胞瘤的疗效和预后的评估以及抗血管形成治疗进行探索。小儿恶性肿瘤因具有胚胎性肿瘤性质而与成人肿瘤有所不同,某些胚胎性基因在小儿恶性肿瘤中的表达,常对其分化和转归有重要影响(2)。N-myc(MYCN)基因在神经母细胞瘤内的异常扩增及其对治疗效果和预后评估的临床价值得到普遍的肯定与关注。该基因调控的蛋白在肿瘤细胞的增殖过程中有重要作用,有N-myc基因扩增的患儿预后很差,反之,则预后好,故检测N-myc基因扩增情况,可用来判断预后并决定治疗方案(3)。有学者认为N-myc基因在多种肿瘤中均有不同程度的表达,如肾母细胞瘤、视网膜母细胞瘤等,N-myc基因的高表达可提示细胞内基因表达向胚胎性转化的致癌机理。传统的PCR或组织培养及Southern杂交方法,常不能达到既快捷方便又能定位,明确基因组织来源的目的。原位杂交方法在检测肿瘤基因和研究其作用机理方面有敏感和特异性的意义。应用原位杂交方法观察N-myc基因在肿瘤中的表达,对研究肿瘤发病机理及作为肿瘤疗效的观察指标有重要意义(4)。本研究应用原位杂交方法观察N-myc基因在神经母细胞瘤中的扩增及定位情况,辅以图象分析进行定量分析,探讨不同临床分期、VMA变化及化疗对N-myc基因表达的影响作用。肿瘤血管形成(angiogenesis)在恶性肿瘤的生长及转移过程中有重要的作用。肿瘤主要依靠不断地诱发宿主组织毛细血管生成并不断地向肿瘤内生长而建立、扩大自己的微血管网。利用恶性实体瘤的生长依赖于血管的特点,是近年来研究癌症治疗的一个新的领域(5)。国外研究表明,肿瘤血管形成过程中,在生长因子、细胞因子受体、内皮细胞基因表达等各个环节中,都存在着癌基因的调控。其中,内皮细胞生长因子(VEGF/VPF,vascularendothelialgrowthfactor/vascularpermeabilityfactor)由多种肿瘤细胞分泌,能引起内皮细胞增殖、血管形成和毛细血管浸润.近年的研究表明,虽然引起肿瘤血管形成的因素众多,但血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)及其受体系统的作用日益受到关注,已明确肯定了VEGF与乳腺癌的转移和预后有关,它通过其内皮细胞上的受体(Flt-1、KDR)发生作用,此外尚有针对VEGF受体进行抗肿瘤血管形成的报道(6).国内外对肿瘤血管形成的研究主要为对胚胎中血管形成过程的形态和基因的研究,以及对成人肿瘤癌基因对肿瘤血管形成的作用观察。而对于不同肿瘤内血管变化,特别是小儿胚胎性肿瘤中的血管形成,尚缺乏研究,对化疗以及其他影响因素对肿瘤血管形成的影响和对肿瘤治疗的疗效评价,缺乏报道。本文通过对神经母细胞瘤VWF、VEGF和Flt-1的检测,观察肿瘤血管密度、VEGF和Flt-1的表达与肿瘤类型、临床分期、Shimada分型的关系和化疗的影响,探讨VEGF在神经母细胞瘤中的作用和意义。诸多抗肿瘤药物,也常可在各个环节上抑制肿瘤血管形成。在实验条件下,r-干扰素、组织胺、可的松等可明显抑制了内皮细胞的生长。故研究肿瘤血管形成机制,探索通过抑制血管形成的手段,对治疗小儿恶性实体瘤具有一定意义(7)。TNP-470又称AGM-1470〔O-(chloroacetylcarbamoyl)fumagillol〕,是一种人工合成的烟曲霉素拟似剂,能抑制内皮细胞的分裂、增殖和新生血管的形成,具有明显的血管形成抑制作用,从而抑制恶性肿瘤的生长和转移。目前,TNP-470抑制肿瘤血管的研究是近来肿瘤抗血管形成治疗研究的一大热点。有报道TNP-470能明显抑制鼠的血管内皮瘤的生长,延长生存期。在体外实验中,TNP-470还能抑制绒毛膜癌、子宫内膜癌等多种癌细胞的生长(8)。我们建立了兔角膜神经母细胞瘤种植模型,利用兔角膜具有天然透明的特点,在角膜中种植肿瘤,分别独立地观察到肿瘤生长和宿主血管反应全过程(9),并用TNP-470和化疗药物进行干预,探讨神经母细胞瘤抗血管形成治疗的可行性和作用的机理。

目录:
中文摘要---------------------------------------------------------------------1
英文摘要---------------------------------------------------------------------7
前言--------------------------------------------------------------------13
第一部分神经母细胞瘤N-myc基因的原位杂交检测与临床意义
材料与方法--------------------------------------------------------------------16
结果--------------------------------------------------------------------18
讨论--------------------------------------------------------------------22
第二部分神经母细胞瘤血管形成的组织病理观察及VEGF、flt-1
的表达
材料与方法--------------------------------------------------------------------24
结果--------------------------------------------------------------------26
讨论--------------------------------------------------------------------32
第三部分神经母细胞瘤血管形成兔角膜模型建立与血管形成抑制
实验
材料与方法--------------------------------------------------------------------36
结果--------------------------------------------------------------------39
讨论--------------------------------------------------------------------49
结论--------------------------------------------------------------------53
参考文献--------------------------------------------------------------------54
研究生期间完成论文--------------------------------------------------------61
致谢--------------------------------------------------------------------62
综述一--------------------------------------------------------------------63
综述二--------------------------------------------------------------------66
附页--------------------------------------------------------------------69
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作者点评:
神经母细胞瘤具有较强的血管依赖性和致血管形成性,肿瘤内血管来源于宿主。抗血管形成治疗应成为其综合性治疗的重要组成部分。TNP-470和化疗药物都有抑制血管的作用,TNP-470有望成为抗肿瘤血管形成的新型药物。
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